INTRODUCTION:

The improvement of the solubility of pharmaceuticals with low water solubility is a significant obstacle in the field of pharmaceutical formulation development. The utilization of solid dispersion, a method employed to distribute pharmaceuticals within a solid matrix, presents a potentially viable resolution to this matter. The biocompatibility, low toxicity, and film-forming capabilities of natural gums, which are obtained from different plant sources, have attracted interest for their possible use in solid dispersion. This article examines the various uses of natural gums in solid dispersion and their contribution to improving the solubility of medications that are not easily soluble in water.

During the solid dispersion process, a hydrophilic carrier matrix is used to boost the solubility and rate of dissolution of hydrophobic drugs. The solubility, absorption, and bioavailability of drugs are enhanced by solid dispersion, which also increases drug dispersion and surface area. Solid dispersions are produced by a variety of methods, including hot melt extrusion, solvent evaporation, and melting process. A popular technique for increasing a medication's solubility and rate of dissolution is solid dispersion, particularly for BCS class II medications. This strategy's primary goal is to use natural gums to improve the oral absorption and bioavailability of drugs with limited water solubility²⁰. Many methods, including as melting, lyophilization, kneading, and solvent evaporation, are used to create solid dispersions. Natural polymers are excellent substitutes for synthetic polymers when it comes to increasing the bioavailability of drugs with poor water solubility²¹. To increase solubility and dissolution rates, solid dispersions frequently use a variety of natural polymers as carriers, including cyclodextrin and carbohydrates. Many aspects of solid dispersion are examined in this paper, with a focus on using natural polymers to increase the solubility of medications that have limited water solubility^1-2.

Improvement of The Solubility of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs:

Natural gums improve medication particle dispersibility, reducing aggregation and facilitating rapid disintegration in aqueous environments. They also enhance the surface area of solid dispersion formulations, promoting absorption and drug solubility. This leads to higher drug bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy²².

Role of Natural Gums:

Natural gums such as locust bean gum, xanthan gum, acacia gum, and guar gum have several advantages in solid dispersion compositions, natural gums enhance aqueous solutions' stability and dispersibility of pharmaceuticals due to their hydrophilic characteristics and mucoadhesive properties. These properties provide extended medication presence and improved absorption processes, ensuring the stability of the medication^1-2.

Natural gums find diverse applications in solid dispersion formulations:

Natural sources' gums are effective in drug release, facilitating even dispersion throughout the matrix. They improve patient adherence and provide continuous medication. Compatibility with active pharmaceutical ingredients makes them suitable for formulation of therapeutic compounds, enabling combination therapies and simplified dosing regimens²³.

Characterization Methods:

Natural polymers are widely used in a variety of industries, such as food, medicine, cosmetics, and healthcare. Because of this, it's imperative that you thoroughly explain them before using them. The primary objective of this work is to use analytical, mathematical, and pharmacological techniques to completely examine Kheri gum (KG), which is obtained from the Mimosaceae species Acacia chundra. Ethanol was used as a precipitating agent and distilled water as a solvent to purify crude KG. A range of analytical techniques were applied to evaluate the substance's potential applications in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. These techniques included phytochemical screening, evaluation of micromeritic features, assessment of microbial load, measurement of ash value, mass spectra, solid-state 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), rheological research, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The study found that KG is primarily composed of carbs and lacking in certain essential elements, including as fat, protein, volatile oils, alkaloids, and glycosides. The efficacy of KG as a suspending agent was assessed using paracetamol as a stand-in drug. A wide range of variables were assessed, such as settling behavior, pH, flow rate, and particle size. Based on its distinct rheological properties, KG may find application as an excipient in medicinal and cosmetic products, according to the study's findings³.

Solubility enhancement and as a drug carrier:

This study aims to improve the in vitro dissolution rate of the poorly soluble medication glimepiride by employing modified gum karaya to form solid dispersions. Solvent evaporation was used to make solid dispersions using modified gum karaya as a carrier. The modified gum karaya showed decreased viscosity while maintaining the original formulation's swelling characteristics; this could have contributed to the superior dissolve behavior shown by batches of solid dispersion. Additionally, as demonstrated by DSC, FTIR, and X-RD investigations, it is highly probable that the drug's crystalline structure transitioning into an amorphous one had a substantial impact. The results indicate that modified natural carriers may be useful in novel drug delivery strategies and may help make drugs with low solubility more soluble⁴.

Role of natural gum in solid dispersion of poorly soluble drug:

The current study looks into using functionalized guar gum as a carrier to increase ibuprofen's solubility and rate of dissolution in solid dispersion. The findings of the FTIR and DSC analyses imply that there isn't any evidence of a chemical interaction between the drug and the excipients. According to ICH criteria, stability tests revealed no modifications, either chemical or physical. In conclusion, the use of functionalized guar gum in solid dispersion shows promise for increasing ibuprofen solubility and enhancing therapeutic efficacy⁵.

The study focused on enhancing the solubility of etoricoxib, a BCS Class II drug, by creating solid dispersions using natural polymers like xanthan gum, guar gum, and acacia. Various combinations were tested through solvent evaporation. Characterization methods included differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffractometry, in vitro drug release, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The solid dispersion ET11 achieved optimal solubility at a 1:2:2:2 drug-carrier ratio. DSC indicated a transition of etoricoxib to an amorphous form, and formulation ETM11 showed the highest dissolution rate (98.2±1.3%), demonstrating the effectiveness of natural polymer-based dispersions⁶.

Gum acacia/pectin/carrageenan as precipitation inhibitor:

The bioavailability of weakly basic drugs in the gut is sometimes reduced by supersaturation caused by pH differences between the stomach and the small intestine. Though they are not widely used, natural polymers such as carrageenan, gum acacia, pectin, and alginate have demonstrated potential as precipitation inhibitors. This work aims to explore the possibility that these chemicals could inhibit the precipitation of ketoconazole. Alginate-gum acacia, alginate-pectin, and alginate-carrageenan were among the polymer combinations used to make ketoconazole beads; the ratios were 75:25 and 50:50. After assessing the beads for supersaturation using a pH shift method, in vivo testing was conducted on rabbits. Based on the study results, AG75 beads were the most effective at preventing ketoconazole from precipitating, with a relative bioavailability of 185.34%±34.17 per unit of pure ketoconazole. According to the study's findings, using a 75:25 combination of gum acacia and alginate may help increase ketoconazole's bioavailability by serving as a precipitation inhibitor for this very simple drug⁷.

Modified natural natural gum:

Solid dispersion enhances solubility, with natural carriers offering environmental benefits. However, their high viscosity limits their use. Treatment at different temperatures alters carriers' physical features, resulting in amorphous forms. To sum up, it is well known that changed carriers exhibit improved qualities that increase their water solubility (Amar, 2014). Pharmaceutical administration via mouth is frequently recommended; nevertheless, the poor solubility of many drugs limits their usefulness. Improving medicines' water solubility primarily aims to increase bioavailability and rate of dissolution. Solid dispersion techniques employ a range of polymers to enhance solubility. This work focuses on the preparation and examination of solid dispersions as a means of improving drug solubility and bioavailability^{8, 24}.

Ziziphus spina-christi gum polymer:

This study assesses the efficacy of modified and unmodified gum polymers from Ziziphus spina-christi fruits as carriers for solid pharmaceutical dispersions with poor water solubility. Using Taguchi Orthogonal Design (L9), solid dispersions were optimized considering drug type, polymer type, method, and drug-to-polymer ratio. Polymers were heated (M1ZG) or freeze-dried (M2ZG). The drugs tested included glimepiride, loratadine, and furosemide. Various methods like co-grinding and kneading were employed, focusing on organoleptic properties, solubility, viscosity, and swelling index. Results showed the modified polymers had enhanced viscosity and water retention. Notably, loratadine displayed a remarkable 51-fold increase in solubility with M2ZG at a 1:3 ratio, indicating potential for improving low-solubility medications⁹.

Binary and ternary solid dispersions:

The objective of this study was to formulate the anticancer drug IIIM-290 as a solid dispersion to enhance its oral health effects, solubility, and dissolution. The rohitukine-derived oral Cdk inhibitor IIIM-290 has demonstrated efficacy against pancreatic, colon, and leukemia malignancy in xenograft models. Due to the material's low water solubility (measured at 8.6 µg/mL), solid dispersions such as PVP K-30, xanthan gum, and PEG-PPG-PEG were investigated. The optimized blend, VKB-SD75, demonstrated a significant 17-fold rise in solubility. Characterization results showed that the compound VKB-SD75 considerably increased plasma exposure by 1.9 times when given orally to mice. The obtained results were in agreement with the evaluation of the treatment's effectiveness made using the Ehrlich solid tumor model. The freshly created solid dispersion is expected to cut the dosage of IIIM-290 needed in preclinical and clinical settings by about 40–50%¹⁰.

Excipient Powders through Surface Modification:

According to the research that is currently available, using particulate amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) has the potential to improve solid dosage forms, namely in terms of macromolecule stability and oral bioavailability. However, the hygroscopic cohesive characteristics of spray-dried ASDs might impede the movement of solid particles, hence affecting the production of powder and its overall utility. The purpose of this work is to examine the effectiveness of L-leucine (L-leu) coprocessing for ASD particle surface modification. The aim of the research was to investigate the possibility of processing different ASD excipients from the food and pharmaceutical industries alongside L-leu. These excipients included gum arabic, trehalose, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K10 and K90), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC E5LV and K100M), and maltodextrin. Morphological alterations that indicate surface modification of the L-leu residue were demonstrated by means of scanning electron microscopy. The bulk properties of formulations including gum arabic, trehalose, PVP K10, and maltodextrin were evaluated using powder rheometry. The results showed that increased L-leu concentrations improved the flowability of the formulations. Still, different challenges were faced by the PVP K90 and HPMC formulations, which shed light on L-leu's molecular behavior. Further research into the relationship between L-leu and coformulated excipients is advised for amorphous powder design in the future. This emphasizes the requirement for improved bulk characterization capabilities¹¹.

Improvements in drilling fluid performance are essential for the oil sector to advance, especially under challenging conditions. An economical solution for bentonite hydration and dispersion in saline environments was explored. Various water-soluble polymers were tested for their effects on gel suspension stability and rheology of calcium-based bentonite. Although xanthan gum (XC) showed minimal degradation in saltwater, its high cost limited its use. Consequently, a modified vegetable gum (MVG), a cost-effective and abundant plant-based polymer, was developed. The combined salt-resistant polymer, SNV, significantly enhanced the rheological properties and dispersion stability of bentonite slurries. SNV notably increased apparent viscosity and shear measurements, facilitating easier use in saline drilling operations¹².

Derived karaya gum as a carrier:

This study aimed to improve glimepiride's solubility in vitro using modified gum karaya as a carrier. Four solid dispersion batches were compared with their physical mixtures. Analytical techniques like DSC, SEM, FTIR, and X-RD were used. SD4 outperformed all other batches in solubility and dissolution. The modified gum karaya showed reduced viscosity and swelling properties, potentially improving dissolving behavior. The study suggests that modified natural carriers can make drugs more soluble. The utilization of these carriers may prove advantageous in the creation of innovative drug delivery systems¹³.

Chronotherapy:

The research focused on the utilization of natural polymers for targeted ibuprofen administration, specifically in the colon, aiming to develop a concentrated system that adheres to chronopharmaceutics principles, ensuring precise and effective delivery. Ethyl cellulose was coated on the capsule to address the difference in stomach emptying time and allow for targeted release in the colon. The solvent evaporation method was utilized to create surface solid dispersions (SSDs) of ibuprofen using natural polymers, specifically Xanthan gum (XG), Hupu gum (HG), and Guar gum (GG), in different weight ratios. DSC techniques and Higuchi model kinetics were used to characterize SSDs' physicochemical characteristics, optimizing yield, drug content, solubility, and dissolving trials for pulsatile capsules. The modified pulsatile ibuprofen capsule demonstrated efficacy in delivering the drug site-specific and time-dependent to the colon region of the gastrointestinal tract, based on the PF3 formulation¹⁴.

The study aimed to create a solid dispersion (SD) of drug glimepiride using synthetic HPMC and natural gellan gum to wet granulation method. The granules' angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, hausner ratio and other properties were evaluated, and gellan gum-based SD tablets showed better release characteristics than HPMC. The amount of polymer varied, affecting the release kinetics. To continue developing formulations, it is advisable to carry out long-term stability testing¹⁵.

The objective of this work was to create and evaluate solid dispersions of the poor solubility BCS Class II medication etoricoxib using natural polymers that may be employed in routine production processes. The goal was to increase the medicine's solubility. Using the solvent evaporation method, xanthan gum, guar gum, and acacia were combined to create solid dispersions of etoicoxib. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffractometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and in vitro drug release investigations were utilized to examine the dispersions, pure etoricoxib, and corresponding physical mixtures. Extraordinary solubility in multiple solvents led to the selection of ET11, a solid dispersion with a 1:2:2:2 drug carrier ratio, for additional examination. ET11 switched from having a crystalline structure similar to etoricoxib to an amorphous form, as demonstrated by the DSC study. There may have been a shift to an amorphous form in the observed X-ray diffraction patterns, as there were less intense peaks at 2̵ values when compared to the pure medicines. Higher levels of porosity in the solid dispersion were discovered via scanning electron microscopy. According to the outcomes of the in vitro drug release profiles, formulation ETM11 showed a much higher dissolve rate (98.2±1.3%) than the other formulations. This discovery raises the possibility of a connection between the increase in drug dissolving rate and the concentration of carriers. The current study demonstrates how solid dispersions made of natural polymers may improve etoricoxib's solubility and dissolution. The outcomes show promising changes in the medications' release from the formulations ⁶.

Table 1: List of uses for natural gum in the creation of solid medication dispersion mixtures that are poorly soluble

Name of gum	Name of drug	Type	Dosage form	References
Gum karaya	Glimepiride	Modified forms of natural gum	Solid dispersion 4	Nagpal et al., 2012
Pithecellobium dulce	Rosemary oil	Oil holding capacity	Emulsions17	Bhushan et al., 2020
Guar gum	Iboprofen	Natural gum	Solid dispersion5	Alane et al., 2021
Ziziphus spina-christi gum	Loratadine and Glimepiride	Natural gum	Solid dispersion9	Ameen et al., 2022
xanthan gum, gaur gum and acacia	Etoricoxib	Natural gum in combination form	Solid dispersion6	Babarao Sapkal et al., 2020
Carrageenan, pectin, gum acacia, and alginate	Ketoconazole	Natural gum	Ketoconazole beads7	Annisa et al., 2023
Gellan gum	Glimepiride	Natural gum	Solid dispersion15	Das et al., 2019
Xanthan gum	Rohitukine	Natural gum	Solid dispersion10	Kumar et al., 2019
Gum arabic	L-leu	Natural gum	Solid dispersion11	Suhaidi et al., 2023
Xanthan gum	Bentonite	Natural gum	Solid dispersion12	Zhao et al., 2022
Hupu gum (HG), Xanthan gum, and Guar gum (GG)	Ibuprofen	Natural gum	Solid dispersion14	Yalavarthi et al., 2013
Cyclodextrin and carbohydrate	Poor water soluble	Natural gum	Solid dispersion2	Shaikh Siraj et al., 2019
Xanthan gum, gaur gum and acacia	Etoricoxib	Natural gum	Solid dispersion6	Sapkal et al., 2018
Ziziphus spina-christi gum	Loratadine, Glimepiride Furosemide	Natural gum	Solid dispersion9	Alwossabi et al., 2022
PVP K-30, PEG-PPG-PEG, and xanthan gum	IIIM-290	Natural gum	Solid dispersion10	Kumar et al., 2019
Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K10 and K90), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC E5LV and K100M), trehalose, gum arabic, and maltodextrin	L-leu	Natural gum	Solid dispersion11	Suhaidi et al., 2023

Anti-ulcerative colitis activity:

This study looks into the polysaccharide content of a fungus called Sanghuangporus vaninii, which is edible and may have applications in food science. This work assesses the structural properties of the polysaccharide, investigates potential therapeutic applications for ulcerative colitis (UC) in mice, measures the bioactivity of the acidic polysaccharide fraction (SVP-A-3) and examines its anti-inflammatory properties. SVP-A-3's refined molecular weight is 3.3kDa, primarily made up of Gal, Glc, Man, and GlcA. It has a right-handed structural design with a unique rotation degree of +18. Prior research conducted in living beings has shown that SVP-A-3 can decrease the expression of many signaling pathways (p-JNK1/2, p-AKT, p-ERK1/2, p-p38, and p-p65), the loss of colonic glands, and tissue damage. These effects could be mediated by the MAPK, NF-κB, and AKT pathways. SVP-A-3 also modifies the gut flora by promoting the growth of probiotic bacteria. The results demonstrate the strong anti-inflammatory properties of SVP-A-3 and its potential for future research and use in functional meals ¹¹. The following tabular form provides an example of how natural gum can be used to create solid dispersion mixtures for medications with low solubility¹⁶.

Polysaccharide-based nanoparticles: prospects, challenges, and opportunities for drug delivery targeting in the future:

This study explores the use of polysaccharide-based nanoparticles (NPs) like chitosan, sodium alginate, and pectin for drug delivery to the colon. It explores various approaches, including ligand-based active targeting techniques, microbially driven, enzymatic degradation, and pH-responsive systems. The study emphasizes the importance of surface charge, particle size, and NP morphology in enhancing delivery system performance^18-19.

CONCLUSION:

Natural gums enhance solubility and bioavailability of water-soluble medications in solid dispersion formulations. Their mucoadhesive properties, film-forming capacity, and biocompatibility make them attractive for pharmaceutical applications, improving patient outcomes and therapies' efficacy.

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Received on 16.07.2024 Revised on 01.11.2024

Accepted on 15.01.2025 Published on 02.08.2025

Available online from August 08, 2025

Research J. Pharmacy and Technology. 2025;18(8):3995-4000.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2025.00574

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Creative Commons License.